A common cause of death is an uncontrolled cytokine storm, which leads to multi-organ failure, or heart attacks and strokes due to blood clots. COVID-19 infections can also affect other vital systems and organs of the human body, such as the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, kidneys, liver, and gastrointestinal tract. The severity of the disease varies from a mild or moderate respiratory illness to an acute respiratory syndrome mainly affecting the lower respiratory tract. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and myalgia. However, the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 is significantly higher, compared to the other two viruses. There is a certain degree of sequence similarity and structural homology between SARS-CoV-2 and the previously identified coronaviruses, SARS-CoV in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. As of December 3, 2020, at least 64,897,870 COVID-19 cases and 1,500,271 related deaths had been reported globally, according to the WHO. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a global pandemic. Due to its possible asymptomatic transmission, long incubation period, and its highly age-dependent infection fatality rate, SARS-CoV-2 is a growing threat to public health, and it has also ravaged the economy worldwide, ,, ,, , ]. The virus belongs to the betacoronavirus family, and is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). In December 2019 the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), also known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in Wuhan, China. Here, we provide an overview of the emerging role of nanotechnology in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. Several rapid and cost-effective COVID-19 diagnostic techniques have also been devised based on nanobiosensors, lab-on-a-chip systems, or nanopore technology. Some nanovaccines have even entered Phase IΙ/IIΙ clinical trials. Smart nanocarriers have accelerated the design of several therapeutic, prophylactic, or immune-mediated approaches against COVID-19. Nanomaterials can be used in the development of highly efficient, reusable personal protective equipment, and antiviral nano-coatings in public settings could prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
The game-changing fields of recent years, nanotechnology and nanomedicine have the potential to not only design new approaches, but also to improve existing methods for the fight against COVID-19. Since then, the clinical and scientific communities have been closely collaborating to develop effective strategies for controlling the ongoing pandemic. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in early 2020 soon led to the global pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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